The Genome Revolution :: Genetics Biology Argumentative Essays Papers

The Genome Revolution As one of our most precious national heroes, Neil Armstrong, set foot upon the moon he said the following, â€Å"this is one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.† Throughout the years, deep investigations in the scientific area and modern technological advances have lead us to create the building blocks necessary for us to take yet another â€Å"giant leap for mankind.† The genome revolution has come along way, with many discoveries leading it to the road it’s on today. This development will affect us in many different aspects creating many opportunities and risks as well. It will not only concern us here in our safe little haven we call the Rio Grande Valley, but will affect us on a whole larger scale, by changing everyone who is a citizen of this earth. One of the most recent accomplishments of the Genome Revolution includes the collaborative research of scientists worldwide known as the Human Genome Project. This investigation began in order to better understand the composition of all the genes in the human body. This goal was completed this year, two years ahead of schedule and at a much cheaper cost that expected. The project involved understanding the genomes of various organisms like mice in order to understand our genetic makeup. It also includes a backbone for the improvement of human healthcare. Now that we have a blueprint for the genomes, we can learn how they play a role in creating gene products such as proteins. The world of medicine contains many mysteries, with doctors constantly working as detectives trying to decipher the secrets of deadly genetic disorders. Human genetic research discovered by the Human Genome Project provides the research to help enhance human health. As a matter of fact, about 30% of pediatric patients and 12% of adult admissions into hospitals are due to genetic problems. Gene therapy can correct genetic disorders and contribute to the fight against incurable diseases. An example of a genetic disorder that can be corrected by using genetic engineering is the blood cell disease that can be treated by cultivating the patient’s cells, correcting the abnormal gene, and transferring it back into the patient’s bone marrow.

Function and Role of Law in Business and Society

Functions and Roles of Law in Business and Society Patricia Hackley LAW 421 April 15, 2013 C. J. Hughes Abstract A review of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights and the Code of Conduct will be discussed for a better understanding of it role in business. Businesses have operated for years but the interest lies in the development of and reasons for code of conduct; with the Constitution and Bill of Rights identifying the rights of the companies and the people. According to CFA Institute, â€Å"Code of Ethics were first created in the 1960’s†.It is the result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that promoted businesses to hire equal opportunity officers, to ensure compliance with the new law (â€Å"A History of Business Ethics†, 2012). The U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 enforced the mandates and the Environmental Protection Act forced businesses to internalize the cost of discharging toxic effluent (Ibid). In 1977, The U. S. Government enacted the For eign Corrupt Practices Act to control actions of U. S. corporations overseas as a result of a series of scandals involving bribery. In an attempt to address public outcry to get out of South Africa, a group of U.S. companies adopted the Sullivan Principles. It was also hoped that South Africa would change due to these principles. By 1980, most companies in South Africa had started adopting ethical codes and training their employees (Ibid). The Responsible Care was developed as a result of a chemical disaster in India in 1984 and in 1986, the Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct had written code of ethics, provided training to employees, established monitoring systems, shared best practices and became accountable to the public, due to defense contract irregularities.The 1991 U. S, Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Corporations provided incentives to corporation that incorporated ethical structures. If the company could show they had taken steps to address the et hical behavior of the company, the fines would be reduced, if found guilty. The most significant legislation to date is the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act which was initiated as a result of scandals involving Enron, Arthur Andersen and other corporations.It requires CEO and CFO to certify fairness and accuracy of financial statements and code of ethics for senior financial officers along with public disclosure. The United States developed a voluntary Global Compact for Corporations, with over 1,500 companies worldwide joining, have nine guiding principles including labor standards, human rights and environmental protection. The Community Services Bureau, were I worked as a Site Supervisor, were governed by Federal, State and local laws, along with guidelines from our funding sources.We had annual Code of Conduct training and signing of a new amendment. Middle management and staff were members of the local union that provided arbitration, in the event of employee dispute, or ratify a new co ntract. Now we are acquainted with the development of business ethical conduct, we can make a correlation with the Constitution and Bill of Rights in the puzzle of function and role in business and society. The Constitution’s Bill of Rights, which include the first ten articles in the Constitution, brings us to the established boundaries of jurisdiction.Congress, under Article I of the Constitution, has the power to regulate commerce, tax the citizens and commercial entities and the spending government funds, bankruptcy, patents, and copyrights and make all laws necessary to carry out its powers under the Constitution. (Melvin, 2011). Under the Executive branch, the President carries out laws, the commander in chief to the armed forces and enters into treaties, pending Senate approval, and appoint federal officers and judges, also requiring Senate approval.Under the Judiciary branch, cases and controversies are decided under federal jurisdiction. The Judicial Review is the ul timate judge of federal constitutional law under the U. S. Supreme Court. (Melvin, 2011). In 1803, the Court ruled that the Constitution was higher than federal and state statutes, the conflicts between the Constitution and federal or state law, the Court has the authority to strike it down as unconstitutional. This authority can be found under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution.The standards established classifies these actions in three categories: rational basis, intermediate-level scrutiny or strict scrutiny (Melvin, 2011). The Commerce Clause enables Congress to regulate Commerce among several states. It channels interstate commerce such as railways, vehicles used in shipping and articles moved in interstate commerce. The Bill of Rights First, Fourth, Fifth and Eighth Amendments are directly addressing businesses. The First Amendment guarantees the freedom of speech, press and the right to peacefully assemble.In business, the first amendment provides partial protection p rovided the speech is truthful and concerned a lawful activity; State cannot limit the free flow of information to consumers. To address these concerns and others, a four-part test framework was created to decide if certain regulations were constitutional: commercial speech in advertising, with no political implications. If regulations were constitutional, they passed all four parts of the test. Political speech has full First Amendment protection. The Fourth Amendment protects citizen rights to be secure in their person’s, houses, papers and effects.To secure a search warrant they must demonstrate probable cause or if they have cause for administrative violations they must have an administrative warrant to gain access to worksites for compliance inspections. The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from being compelled to be a witness against themselves. The business aspect of the Fifth Amendment allows individuals to remain silent during investigations and court proceedings . The Fourteenth Amendment protects individuals from being deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and includes restrictions and actions by state governments.The Due Process Clause has certain procedural requirements and that laws passed must be published for inspection by the public and be specific so the individual understands how the law applies. The Equal Protection Clause prohibits government from denying citizens’ equal protection of the law. It is interesting that the Bill of Rights has not been amended since it was established in 1866 and it continues to provide citizens with the rights, due process and establishment of laws to govern the ever increasing industry of business.Functions and Roles of Law in Business and Society References Code of Ethics & Standards of Professional Conduct. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. cfainstitute. org/ethics/codes/ethics/Pages/index. aspx A History of Business Ethics. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. scu . edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/conference/presentations/business-ethics-history. html Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Bystander Effect And Crises Bystander Effects - 1625 Words

Anthony R. Hudgens March 24, 2016 Case Study #4 Bystander Effect and Crises Bystander Effect and Crises A woman by the name of Kitty Genovese was stalked and stabbed to death in an alleyway of Queens, New York, in 1964 (Pugh Henry). It is reported that there were nearly 40 witnesses who heard her screams for help but failed to do so (Colangelo, 2014). Why is it that some individuals tend to shy away from bad situations in which help is clearly needed? Kitty’s murderer, Winston Mosely, was caught days later and stated, â€Å"I knew they wouldn t do anything, people never do† (Seedman Hellman, 1974, p. 100). Little did Moseley know that he was onto a subject matter that would soon make waves in social psychology. The inaction of witnesses on that fateful night in 1964 led to research of a phenomenon known as the bystander effect (BE; Latane Darley, 1970). BE refers to social situations in which there is a decreased likelihood of helping in emergencies when others are in the immediate area. The Genovese murder occurred over half a century ago, which begs this question: Is BE prevalent today? Security specialist Bill Stanton (2009) put the question to the test by enlisting the help of a 7 year old girl, her mom, and a police officer. On the streets of New York City, Bill posed as the abductor and the girl as the abductee. The vast majority of people walked by, seemingly indifferent to the emergency situation. Both the mom and the police officer were incredulous. AShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Social Psychology of the Bystander Effect3264 Words   |  14 Pagesthe Social Psychology of the Bystander Effect Name Grade Course Tutor’s Name Date Introduction The bystander effect is a social psychological sensation that alludes to cases in which people dont offer any method for help to a victimized person when other individuals are available. 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Utilitarianism The Bakery - 1212 Words

Utilitarianism Essentially, all the stakeholders involved should be offered their fair consideration in the business. As the owner of the bakery, if Nick had chose to overdo his profits and play down his losses, his business would probably continue to flourish as he will be receiving the loan of $100,000 from East West (EW) Bank. Because of Nick’s utilitarianism decision, Gwen and Ted got to keep their job even though the business at the bakery was struggling due to the slump in economy. And as a result of keeping Gwen, Molly has extra hands in keeping the bakery intact. Now, when Nick decided to change the business’ profits and losses to his benefit in order to get the loan granted, East West (EW) bank may suffer a loss from it if Nick does not have enough revenue to pay the loan back in the near future. It is considered ethical for Nick to overdo his profits and play down his losses on his loan application to East West (EW) Bank since it does the most good and provides the least har m. To put it in a different way, the utilitarianism approach creates the utmost balance of good over harm for Nick. Despite the fact that Nick forged his business’ profits and losses on his loan application, he managed to lend a helping hand to the other stakeholders and minimize the damage caused. Kant Ethics On the other hand, Nick should have dismissed Gwen and Ted as employees at his bakery. It is morally correct because his business is suffering financially and he isShow MoreRelatedTest 1 Question Bank8509 Words   |  35 Pagesthat Paul will assume the mortgage and that Brice will be completely discharged from all further liability on the mortgage. d. | The agreement among the three is a novation. | 41. Miller has a contract to sell 1,000 bushels of wheat to Wonder Bakery. Miller’s wheat is stored in a grain elevator and has become infested with insects. What is the consequence? c. | Miller is not discharged, but remains liable on this contract. | 42. The usual remedy for breach of contract is: d. | money

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to Transactional...

Obsessive compulsive disorder is identified as a psychological dysfunction where a person experiences elaborated thoughts that intrude with their normative functioning ( ). These thoughts are typically rational however their constant recurrence can make it difficult for a person to accomplish tasks that are important in daily functioning. The manifestations of these thoughts are also observable though ritualized actions. Actions are also interfering and exhibit the OCD individuals constant struggle to neutralize their mood and reduce negative thinking (Ferrier Brewin, 2004). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been the most popular method of treatment among clinicians treating OCD however it is important to address the affects of†¦show more content†¦Constant thought interference is a strong precursor toward negative outcomes. An example is peers relations; during adolescence its very important. OCD Children will often miss out on opportunities to master social skills. During this developmental stage however establishing identification with others peers is necessary because its these earlier identifications with others that predicts self-assurance and well-being later in life. The basis of CBTs is that our thoughts cause our feelings and behavior to react the way it does. In the case of adolescents, CBT can be preventive and help them with isolation from school work, peers, and other school activities. This treatment is very helpful with alleviating thoughts that cause behavioral problems through interactive homework assignments and verbal exchange between the patient and therapist. Though CBT might not be as successful during the childhood stage of development, when limitation for future thoughts are less prevalent, during adolescence CBT should be more effective since this stage of development is where t he capacity for abstract thought emerges ( ). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can prevent developmental issues with OCD by voiding internal unwanted feelings. Studies have proven that Adults with OCD truly benefit from CBT. CBT helps the child to internalize a strategy for resisting OCD, however that is dependent on a clear understandingShow MoreRelatedPersonality Stability and Change in Trait Theories of Allport and Eysenck990 Words   |  4 Pagesintermediate stance assumes a bidirectional relationship between heredity and environment, which allows for both consistency and change in personality. Moreover, some theorists introduce a third element to a biosocial model - the individual (e.g. transactional model of socialization). Evaluation of personality stability is difficult, seeing lack of consensus on what personality is and how it should be measured even when it viewed through a similar framework. Examination of two trait theories of AllportRead Morequalitative and quantitative research methods1823 Words   |  8 Pagesis engaged in the world they investigate, creating an unstructured and reflective element to the research, where the researchers’ knowledge, emotive interactions, and past experiences all form a part of the research (Ponterotto, 2010, p.583). According to Guba and Lincoln (as cited in Ponterotto, 2005, p.128) there are four main research paradigms: postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism and the critical-ideological and positivism perspective. Of these four paradigms, positivism is solely

Australian Competition And Consumer Commission V TPG Internet Pty Ltd

Questions: 1. Briefly describe the nature of TPGs advertising which caused ACCC to bring these proceedings?2. What statutory provisions did ACCC allege that TPGs advertising contravened?3. What were the findings (conclusions) of the primary judge about the following aspects of the advertising? bundling. the set up fee. single price.4. What were the differences in principle between the approach of the Full Court and the approach of the primary judge in evaluating whether the TPG advertising was misleading? 5. The High Court concluded that the approach taken by the Full Court was not correct. For what reason or reasons did the High Court come to this conclusion? 6. The Full Court, in coming to its conclusions, applied as a precedent the ratio in a case called Parkdale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu (Puxu). The High Court said that the Full Court wrongly applied the principle in Puxu. Explain why the High Court thought Puxu was not a proper precedent to apply to the TPG advertising? 7. What did the High Court have to say about the dominant message approach? 8. What did the High Court say about the assumed level of knowledge in TPGs target audience? 9. Is an intention to mislead essential for advertising to be misleading? Explain what the High Court thought about this?10. If you were employed in the marketing section of an internet service provider or a fitness centre which was about to launch an advertising campaign promoting an attractive plan for membership in which there were several parts (costs and benefits) to be taken into account by potential customers, what advice would you give about the format of the advertising, based on your understanding of the High Courts ruling in ACCC v TPG? Answers: 1. TPG Internet Pty is a company which provided internet and telephone connections to the consumers. The company gave its internet and phone connections under the name ADSL2+. The careless nature of TPG Internet Pty provoked ACCC to bring these proceedings. The company didnt accomplish its promises and in return, made customers pay more than the amount advertised. TPG Internet Pty advertised about its services in newspapers and online and didnt mention about any set-up cost and related additional cost. In the advertisement, it was mentioned that the exact cost of taking internet service from TPG Internet Pty was $29.99. But most shocking part about the companys nature was that in spite of advertising a fixed amount for internet services, they charged some hidden costs. The hidden charges included set-up fee and telephone charges. The consumer had to pay a total of $149.95 instead of $29.99, as advertised by the company. The costing of $149.95 included telephone charges of $30 and oth er hidden charges (Taylor, 2009). Hence, the company didnt meet its promises as advertised and made consumer pay hefty sum for internet connections. This was the reason that ACCC took action against TPG Internet Pty. 2. By definition, statutory provisions are defined as the details about a law passed by the government. As TPG Internet Pty charged consumers extra and made them pay hefty sum for internet connections, strict actions were taken against the company. As per ACCC, TPG Internet Pty had been misleading consumers by advertising wrong amount for their internet services. The amount mentioned in the advertisement for the services was different than what was charged from consumers. The company, predominantly asked the consumers to pay certain hidden charges such as setting-up internet connection, phone set-up charges etc which increased the bill to $149.95. This was against the Trade Practices Act 1974. Under this Act, consumers are protected against unfair trade practices led by companies. Many times, companies exploit their consumers and charge them extra than what was being agreed (Taylor, 2009). Hence, this act intends to protect consumers. In this case, TPG Internet Pty exploited consumer s by charging them extra than what was promised. Hence, their practices were against Trade Practices Act 1974 as they didnt give any single amount to consumers and misled them. 3. There are three perspectives on which primary judge gave his opinion. These included Bundling, The set up free and Single Price. Bundling: Primary judge stated that any such effect should be advertised by the company clearly. The company should declare a unified figure for its services without misleading consumers and making them pay extra afterwards. However, in case of TPG Internet Pty, company didnt give any unified figure in the advertisement and also didnt make clear that what all would be included in the hidden costs. They misled consumers by advertising fake amount and hence charged extra (Jeffrey, 1994). Set Up Free: Judge stated that set-up fee is usually charged from the consumers whose connection is less than 2 years. Hence, customers must be given an idea about its cost by the company. However, in this case, the company didnt mention anything about set up fee and hence, it was assumed that the set-up might be free. Moreover, the advertisement mentioned one-line fee about the internet connection which misled consumers about set-up charges. Single Price: Judge stated that consumers must be given a single price which would cost them after including all costs. In this case, TPG Internet Pty didnt mention any clear figure instead misled them by including a low amount and then adding many additional charges. Hence, the final amount that consumers had to pay was $509.89. It was against the Trade Practices Act 1974. 4. There was a considerable difference between the judgements given by primary judge and full court regarding whether the advertisement posted by TPG Internet Pty was misleading or not. Primary judge stated that it was the fault of the company that it misled consumers by adding up bundling charges, set-up fee and didnt mentioning about one price. TPG Internet Pty advertised that cost of an internet connection was $29.99. However, there were numerous additional charges which were hidden and didnt make clear in the advertisement. Hence, the total cost of service amounted to be $149.95. Hence, he advised that TPG Internet Pty should correct their advertisement if they didnt want their ad to be misled by consumers (Dennis, 1996). Alternatively, full court had a different approach. He stated that consumers were at fault in the case of TPG Internet Pty. Consumers should go through the advertisements carefully before taking up any such service from a company. Consumers were expected to be d iligent and careful in this case. If they would have acted carefully, they might not face such trouble. 5. The high court stated that full court didnt adopt correct approach in this case. As per full court, consumers were at fault since they should have read advertisement properly. The court argued that consumers were at fault in the case of TPG Internet Pty. Consumers should have gone through the advertisements carefully before taking up any such service from a company. Consumers were expected to be diligent and careful in this case. If they would have acted carefully, they might have not faced such trouble. Secondly, the statements that full court used were wrong and appeared weird. Thirdly, the court decided that misleading can be neutralized and this was not the right method to do so. Fourthly, the high court found out that the full court didnt apply the principles of Puxu case correctly to the case of TPG Internet Pty. Hence, high court found out that full court didnt adopt correct method. 6. As per High court, Full court wrongly applied the principles of Puxu case due to many reasons. In case of Parkdale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu, the company was selling furniture and misled consumers due to which the court had argued that consumers must check the furniture carefully before buying it. However, in the case of TPG Internet Pty, the company didnt sell any kind of furniture but internet connection. Hence, the principles applied to Puxu case couldnt be applied to TPG Internet Pty case. In this case, the company was at fault. It misled consumers by adding up bundling charges, set-up fee and didnt mentioning about one price (Bradbrook, 1989). Due to this reason, the high court argued that full court wrongly applied the principles of Puxu. 7. The Dominant Message approach was adopted by high court. The High Court liked the dominant message approach as consumers didnt go to showrooms with a fixed mindset about their purchase. In case, when consumers are required to go to showrooms to buy the product, they have fixed conditions about their purchase. But in this case, consumers just had an advertisement to rely upon. Moreover, consumers dont go through advertisements carefully. Hence, they relied mostly on prominent messages (Kercher, 1985). The court stated that consumers must be careful. Alternatively, company should not advertise such messages with dominant messages that mislead consumers. 8. Generally, consumers have some knowledge about a commodity or service before buying. However, the information if incomplete can lead to trouble. In case of TPG Internet Pty, the court assumed that customers might have some general knowledge about the connection. In other words, customers might assume that connection comes with a bundling package with telephone line. But the message advertised by TPG Internet Pty stated something different. As per the advertisement, it was assumed that there were no additional costs associated with the connection. However, the same was proved wrong by the company later on. 9. In advertising, it is not essential to mislead consumers in order to allure consumers. However, in this case of TPG Internet Pty, the company didnt have any intensions to mislead consumers. The primary objective of TPG Internet Pty was to attract consumers and present the services in the best way possible (Kercher, 1985). ACCC also didnt mention anything about the wrong intensions of the company instead stated that TPG Internet Pty had the intension of presenting their best features in the advertisement. 10. If I have been employed in the marketing team of an internet service provider company, the advice I would have given to the company was to provide customers with clear information about the service and its features. The one of the most crucial things I will focus on is providing correct information to customers and never misleading them. I would have advised that presenting features in best possible way isnt wrong but misleading consumers is wrong and unfair as per Trade Practices Act 1974. Hence, the best way to present features of a service is to clearly mention the amount, the additional charges and a unified figure which will be charged from consumers. References Taylor, P. (2009). Street v Queensland Bar Association., 168 CLR 461. Jeffrey, B. (1994). "Statutory Interpretation, Law Reform and Sampford's Theory of the Disorder of Law" Part One (1994) 22 Federal Law Review 116; Part Two, (1995) 23 Federal Law Review 77. Dennis, C. (1996). Statutory Interpretation in Australia., (4th edition, Butterworths: Sydney, 1996), p. 3. Bradbrook, M. (1989). The Emergence of Australian Law., (Butterworths: Sydney, 1989) at 70. Kercher, B. (1985). An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia., (Allen Unwin, Sydney, 1995) at 157. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd Questions: The sequence of court hearings The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) brought proceedings against internet provider TPG because of an advertising campaign for internet services TPG had been conducting. Initially, the proceedings were heard by a single judge, who is referred to in the judgment as "the primary judge". ACCC was largely successful against TPG in those proceedings. TPG, having lost the case before the primary judge, appealed to three judges, referred to in the judgment as the Full Court". That court largely disagreed with the conclusions of the primary judge and set aside his decision. In effect, TPG won its appeal to the Full Court. This left ACCC as the loser. It appealed to the High Court, which disagreed with the conclusions of the Full Court in favour of TPG and essentially reinstated the decision made by the primary charge in favour of ACCC.The judgment you are reading, and to which the assignment questions relate, is the judgment of the High Cour t only. However, to enable the "ratio" of its decision to be understood, the High Court includes in its judgment summaries of the reasons which the primary judge and the Full Court gave in coming to their respective (and contradictory) decisions. 1. Briefly describe the nature of TPGs advertising which caused ACCC to bring these proceedings 2. What statutory provisions did ACCC allege that TPGs advertising contravened 3. What were the findings (conclusions) of the primary judge about the following aspects of the advertising bundling. the set up fee. single price.4. What were the differences in principle between the approach of the Full Court and the approach of the primary judge in evaluating whether the TPG advertising was misleading? 5. The High Court concluded that the approach taken by the Full Court was not correct. For what reason or reasons did the High Court come to this conclusion? 6. The Full Court, in coming to its conclusions, applied as a precedent the ratio in a case calledParkdale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu (Puxu). The High Court said that the Full Court wrongly applied the principle in Puxu. Explain why the High Court thought Puxu was not a proper precedent to apply to the TPG advertising 7. What did the H igh Court have to say about the dominant message approach? 8. What did the High Court say about the assumed level of knowledge in TPGs target audience? 9. Is an intention to mislead essential for advertising to be misleading? Explain what the High Court thought about this 10. If you were employed in the marketing section of an internet service provider or a fitness centre which was about to launch an advertising campaign promoting an attractive plan for membership in which there were several parts (costs and benefits) to be taken into account by potential customers, what advice would you give about the format of the advertising, based on your understanding of the High Courts ruling in ACCC v TPG? Answers: 1. TPG Internet Pty was a company engaged in providing internet connections to consumers. The name under which the company decided to give away its internet and phone connections was ADSL2+. Although the price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95 (ACCC, 2015). Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG. 2. TPG had been misleading consumers by providing internet and phone connections at higher amount than normal. The advertisements were misleading and the company went against the provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974. The price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95. Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG (Dennis, 1996). 3. Bundling: It was found out by judge in the case that advertisement misled consumers and there were nothing declared about the additional costs either on TV or radio. Setup fee: Judge realised that set-up charges should be normal and in case of TPG, nothing was made clear by the company. In fact the company didnt mention anything about the additional set up charges rather it was mentioned that consumer just have to pay one-time for setting up connection. Single price: IN the case, judge found out that there was no one price declared by the company to consumer. The prices kept fluctuating (boosted in every case) which was unfair as per Trade Practices Act 1974. 4. Primary judge and full-court judge had differences in their opinion. Primary judge held company wrong for misleading consumers whereas full-court judge stated that consumers must be careful about every cost when applying for internet and phone connections (Jeffrey, 1994). 5. There were three key reasons as per which high court decided against full court. One, the opinion of the full court about dominant message was wrong. Second, statements used in regard to puxu used in this case were irrelevant. Third, misleading is one of the wrong practices undertaken by TPG. 6. In this case, the opinion of the full court was dependant on the results of the case park dale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu, but the provisions were wrongly misinterpreted. Park dale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu was about a furniture company so court said that consumers must consider brand before buying it. In this case, it cant be applied as advertisement was misleading and consumers cant pay attention to minute details. 7. Although high court stated that company is doing wrong since it cant issue a misleading advertisement but the court also added that consumers must pay diligence to such advertisements. However, high court do realizes that consumers dont pay much attention to advertisement and dont go through details minutely (Ellinghaus, 2000). 8. High court also stated that consumers might have an idea about the availability of in bundle with the telephone. But the advertisement of TPG can misled consumers since they might think that there are no extra costs for connection. The price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95. Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG. 9. The high court said that it is not important that companies post misleading advertisements intentionally (Kercher, 2010). However, the primary aim of the company to post such advertisement is to attract clients and present the services in best way possible. TGP case is similar to this as the company tried to present the services in best way but it misled consumers and they had to pay additional costs. 10. After going through High Courts judgment of the case ACCC v TPG, I would advise the company to withdraw their advertisements and highlight the best features about their services but also mentioning about the additional costs in the services. By this, consumers wont be misled and would benefit from the services a lot (Patrick, 2001). In this case, the price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95. Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG. References ACCC. (2015). Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd | Opinions on High. 2015. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd | Opinions on High. [ONLINE] Available at: https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2013/12/12/tpg-internet-case-page/.[Accessed 07 February 2015]. Astrazeneca Pty Ltd v GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd (2006) ATPR 42-106 at [37]. See Campomar Sociedad Limitada v Nike International Ltd (2000) 202 CLR 45 at [104]-[105]. Dennis, C. (1996), ACCC TPG Case. Journal of Law, pp. 890. Patrick, P. (2001). Tradition and Change in Australian Law., Interpretation Act (Western Australia), s 43. Kercher, R. (2010). An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia., Legal Journal, pp. 526 Ellinghaus, A. (2000). The Emergence of Australian Law., Statute Law Revision Act, pp. 890 Jeffrey, W. (1994). "Statutory Interpretation, Law Reform and Sampford's Theory of the Disorder of Law." , Federal Law Review. Pp 77 High Court looms for ACCC vs TPG. 2015. High Court looms for ACCC vs TPG. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.afr.com/p/business/companies/high_court_looms_for_accc_vs_tpg_rOpLZ0UnqAKA3OLrmyy5PP.[Accessed 04 February 2015].

Vitamins Essay Thesis Example For Students

Vitamins Essay Thesis Vitamin, any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins are not chemically related, and most differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, combining with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of important chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The intricate ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, are still far from clear. We will write a custom essay on Vitamins Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The 13 well-identified vitamins are classified according to their ability to be absorbed in fat or water. The fat-soluble vitamins-A, D, E, and K-are generally consumed along with fat-containing foods, and because they can be stored in the bodys fat, they do not have to be consumed every day. The water-soluble vitamins-the eight B vitamins and vitamin C-cannot be stored and must be consumed frequently, preferably every day (with the exception of some B vitamins, as noted below). The body can manufacture only vitamin D; all others must be derived from the diet. Lack of them causes a wide range of metabolic and other dysfunctions. In the U.S., since 1940, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Expressed in milligrams or international units (IU) for adults and children of normal health, these recommendations are useful guidelines not only for professionals in nutrition but also for the growing number of families and individuals who eat irregular meals and rely on prepared foods, many of which are now required to carry nutritional labeling. A well-balanced diet contains all the necessary vitamins, and most individuals who follow such a diet can correct any previous vitamin deficiencies. However, persons who are on special diets, who are suffering from intestinal disorders that prevent normal absorption of nutrients, or who are pregnant or lactating may need particular vitamin supplements to bolster their metabolism. Beyond such real needs, vitamin supplements are also often popularly believed to offer cures for many diseases, from colds to cancer; but in fact the body quickly eliminates most of these preparations without absorbing them. In addition, the fat-soluble vitamins can block the effect of other vitamins and even cause severe poisoning when taken in excess. Vitamin A Vitamin A is a pale yellow primary alcohol derived from carotene. It affects the formation and maintenance of skin, mucous membranes, bones, and teeth; vision; and reproduction. An early deficiency symptom is night blindness (difficulty in adapting to darkness); other symptoms are excessive skin dryness; lack of mucous membrane secretion, causing susceptibility to bacterial invasion; and dryness of the eyes due to a malfunctioning of the tear glands, a major cause of blindness in children in developing countries. The body obtains vitamin A in two ways. One is by manufacturing it from carotene, a vitamin precursor found in such vegetables as carrots, broccoli, squash, spinach, kale, and sweet potatoes. The other is by absorbing ready-made vitamin A from plant-eating organisms. In animal form, vitamin A is found in milk, butter, cheese, egg yolk, liver, and fish-liver oil. Although one-third of American children are believed to consume less than the recommended allowance of vitamin A, sufficient amounts can be obtained in a normally balanced diet rather than through supplements. Excess vitamin A can interfere with growth, stop menstruation, damage red blood corpuscles, and cause skin rashes, headaches, nausea, and jaundice. The B Vitamins Known also as vitamin B complex, these are fragile, water-soluble substances, several of which are particularly important to carbohydrate metabolism. B1 Thiamine, or vitamin B1, a colorless, crystalline substance, acts as a catalyst in carbohydrate metabolism, enabling pyruvic acid to be absorbed and carbohydrates to release their energy. Thiamine also plays a role in the synthesis of nerve-regulating substances. Deficiency in thiamine causes beriberi, which is characterized by muscular weakness, swelling of the heart, and leg cramps and may, in severe cases, lead to heart failure and death. Many foods contain thiamine, but few supply it in concentrated amounts. Foods richest in thiamine are pork, organ meats (liver, heart, and kidney), brewers yeast, lean meats, eggs, leafy green vegetables, whole or enriched cereals, wheat germ, berries, nuts, and legumes. Milling of cereal removes those portions of the grain richest in thiamine; consequently, white flour and polished white rice may be lacking in the vitamin. Widespread enrichment of flour and cereal products has largely eliminated the risk of thiamine deficiency, although it st ill occurs today in nutritionally deficient alcoholics. .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 , .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .postImageUrl , .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 , .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:hover , .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:visited , .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:active { border:0!important; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:active , .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941 .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9d4aa4ad2c36e0e21a7cd9b14adf941:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leadership, Citizenship, Commu EssayB2 Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, like thiamine, serves as a coenzyme-one that must combine with a portion of another enzyme to be effective-in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and, especially, respiratory proteins. It also serves in the maintenance of mucous membranes. Riboflavin deficiency may be complicated by a deficiency of other B vitamins; its symptoms, which are not as definite as those of a lack of thiamine, are skin lesions, especially around the nose and lips, and sensitivity to light. The best sources of riboflavin are liver, milk, meat, dark green vegetables, whole grain and enriched cereals, pasta, bread, and mushrooms. B3 Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid and vitamin B3, also works as a coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients. A deficiency of niacin causes pellagra, the first symptom of which is a sunburnlike eruption that breaks out where the skin is exposed to sunlight. Later symptoms are a red and swollen tongue, diarrhea, mental confusion, irritability, and, when the central nervous system is affected, depression and mental disturbances. The best sources of niacin are liver, poultry, meat, canned tuna and salmon, whole grain and enriched cereals, dried beans and peas, and nuts. The body also makes niacin from the amino acid tryptophan. Megadoses of niacin have been used experimentally in the treatment of schizophrenia, although no experimental proof has been produced to show its efficacy. In large amounts it reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood, and it has been used extensively in preventing and treating arteriosclerosis. Large doses over long periods cause liver damage. B6 Pyridoxine, or vitamin B6, is necessary for the absorption and metabolism of amino acids. It also plays roles in the use of fats in the body and in the formation of red blood cells. Pyridoxine deficiency is characterized by skin disorders, cracks at the mouth corners, smooth tongue, convulsions, dizziness, nausea, anemia, and kidney stones. The best sources of pyridoxine are whole (but not enriched) grains, cereals, bread, liver, avocadoes, spinach, green beans, and bananas. Pyridoxine is needed in proportion to the amount of protein consumed. B12 Cobalamin, or vitamin B12, one of the most recently isolated vitamins, is necessary in minute amounts for the formation of nucleoproteins, proteins, and red blood cells, and for the functioning of the nervous system. Cobalamin deficiency is often due to the inability of the stomach to produce glycoprotein, which aids in the absorption of this vitamin. Pernicious anemia results, with its characteristic symptoms of ineffective production of red blood cells, faulty myelin (nerve sheath) synthesis, and loss of epithelium (membrane lining) of the intestinal tract. Cobalamin is obtained only from animal sources-liver, kidneys, meat, fish, eggs, and milk. Vegetarians are advised to take vitamin B12 supplements. Other B Vitamins Folic acid, or folacin, is a coenzyme needed for forming body protein and hemoglobin. Recent investigations show that folic acid deficiency may be responsible for neural tube defects, a type of birth defect that results in severe brain or neurological disorders (see Spina Bifida). The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that women of child-bearing age take 0.4 mg of folic acid daily. Women should continue to take that dose through the first three months of pregnancy. Folic acid is effective in the treatment of certain anemias and sprue. Dietary sources are organ meats, leafy green vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and brewers yeast. Folic acid is lost in foods stored at room temperature and during cooking. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, folic acid is stored in the liver and need not be consumed daily. Pantothenic acid, another B vitamin, plays a still-undefined role in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It is abundant in many foods and is manufactured by intestinal bacteria as well. .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 , .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .postImageUrl , .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 , .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:hover , .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:visited , .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:active { border:0!important; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:active , .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9 .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9dc451667a8b2f832db55606628d8c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Declaration Of Independance EssayBiotin, a B vitamin that is also synthesized by intestinal bacteria and widespread in foods, plays a role in the formation of fatty acids and the release of energy from carbohydrates. Its deficiency in humans is unknown. Vitamin C, or Ascorbic Acid This well-known vitamin is important in the formation and maintenance of collagen, the protein that supports many body structures and plays a major role in the formation of bones and teeth. It also enhances the absorption of iron from foods of vegetable origin. Scurvy is the classic manifestation of severe ascorbic acid deficiency. Its symptoms are due to loss of the cementing action of collagen and include hemorrhages, loosening of teeth, and cellular changes in the long bones of children. Assertions that massive doses of ascorbic acid prevent colds and influenza have not been borne out by carefully controlled experiments (see Cold, Common). In other experiments, however, ascorbic acid has been shown to prevent the formation of nitrosamines-compounds found to produce tumors in laboratory animals and possibly also in humans. Although unused ascorbic acid is quickly excreted in the urine, large and prolonged doses can result in the formation of bladder and kidney stones, interference with the effects of blood-thinning drugs, destruction of B12, and the loss of calcium from bones. Sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, fresh strawberries, cantaloupe, pineapple, and guava. Good vegetable sources are broccoli, brussel sprouts, tomatoes, spinach, kale, green peppers, cabbage, and turnips. Vitamin D This vitamin is necessary for normal bone formation and for retention of calcium and phosphorus in the body. It also protects the teeth and bones against the effects of low calcium intake by making more effective use of calcium and phosphorus. Also called the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is obtained from egg yolk, liver, tuna, and vitamin-D fortified milk. It is also manufactured in the body when sterols, which are commonly found in many foods, migrate to the skin and become irradiated. Vitamin D deficiency, or rickets, occurs only rarely in tropical climates where sunlight is abundant, but it was once common among children of northern cities before the use of vitamin D-fortified milk. Rickets is characterized by deformities of the rib cage and skull and by bowlegs, due to failure of the body to absorb calcium and phosphorus. Because vitamin D is fat-soluble and stored in the body, excessive consumption can cause vitamin poisoning, kidney damage, lethargy, and loss of appeti te. Vitamin E The role of vitamin E in the human body is not clearly established, but it is known to be an essential nutrient in more than 20 vertebrate species. The vitamin plays some role in forming red blood cells and muscle and other tissues and in preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fats. It is found in vegetable oils, wheat germ, liver, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin E is popularly advocated for a wide range of diseases, but no substantial evidence has been found to back these claims. Although vitamin E is stored in the body, overdoses appear to have lower toxic effects than do overdoses of other fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin K This vitamin is necessary mainly for the coagulation of blood. It aids in forming prothrombin, an enzyme needed to produce fibrin for blood clotting. The richest sources of vitamin K are alfalfa and fish livers, which are used in making concentrated preparations of this vitamin. Dietary sources include all leafy green vegetables, egg yolks, soybean oil, and liver. For a healthy adult, a normal diet and bacterial synthesis in the bowels usually are sufficient to supply the body with vitamin K and prothrombin. Digestive disturbances may lead to defective absorption of vitamin K and hence to mild disorders in blood clotting. Anatomy and Physiology